Merge pull request 'feat: read the host's listening sockets through napalm-device-types' (#14) from feat/listening-sockets into master

LinuxDriver mixes in ListeningSocketsMixin (napalm-device-types 2.4.0) and
supplies its transport: privileged readings go through _run_privileged --
as they are for a root login, through sudo with a password, sudo -n
without one -- and the rest through _send. The command arrives as one
sh -c argument, so sudo covers the whole script; when sudo refuses, the
mixin reads again without it.

OpenMediaVault and QNAP QTS inherit it; a host without ss raises
ListeningSocketsUnavailable.

For netOrk#658.

README.md

@@ -48,7 +48,8 @@ with Driver(
     optional_args={
         # "port": 22,
         # "pkg_manager": "apt",   # force package manager; auto-detected by default
-        # "secret": "sudo-pass",  # password for sudo / enable (defaults to login password)
+        # "sudo_password": "sudo-pass",  # for commands that need root; without it,
+        #                                # `sudo -n` (passwordless sudo) is tried
         # "debugging": True,      # enable verbose logging
     },
 ) as dev:
@@ -69,6 +70,10 @@ with Driver(
 
     # Upgrade everything with pending updates
     result = dev.apply_updates([])
+
+    # Restart a service (start, stop, restart, enable, disable)
+    result = dev.manage_service("cron", "restart")
+    print(result)  # {"success": True, "output": ""}
 ```
 
 ## Supported NAPALM methods
@@ -99,7 +104,8 @@ with Driver(
 | `get_packages()` | ✅ | apt, dnf, yum, apk, pacman |
 | `get_pending_updates()` | ✅ | apt, dnf, yum, apk, pacman |
 | `apply_updates(packages)` | ✅ | apt, dnf, yum, apk, pacman |
-| `get_services()` | ✅ | systemd (fallback: SysV `service`) |
+| `get_services()` | ✅ | systemd, one round trip (fallback: SysV `service`) |
+| `manage_service(name, action)` | ✅ | systemd: start, stop, restart, enable, disable |
 | `get_users()` | ✅ | `/etc/passwd` + `/etc/group` |
 | `get_processes()` | ✅ | `ps axo` |
 | `get_cron_jobs()` | ✅ | user crontabs + `/etc/cron.d/` |
@@ -127,13 +133,25 @@ The SSH user needs read access to:
 | `/etc/passwd`, `/etc/group` | world-readable (default) |
 | `/proc/uptime`, `/sys/class/dmi/…` | world-readable (default) |
 | User crontabs (`/var/spool/cron/…`) | `root` or `sudo` required |
-| `systemctl is-enabled <unit>` | unprivileged on most distros |
+| `systemctl list-unit-files`, `systemctl show` | unprivileged |
+| `systemctl start/stop/restart/enable/disable` | `root`, or `sudo` (with `sudo_password`, or passwordless) |
 | `apt list --upgradable` | may require `apt-get update` (root) |
 | `dnf check-update` / `yum check-update` | unprivileged, but slower without cache |
 
 For full functionality it is recommended to run as `root` or grant passwordless `sudo` for
 the above commands.
 
+`get_services()` and `manage_service()` come from napalm-device-types'
+`SystemdServicesMixin`; this driver supplies only the transport. An action runs as
+`timeout 45 systemctl --no-ask-password <action> -- <unit>.service`, so a unit that hangs
+on its way up or down cannot hold the session, and only the exit status decides whether it
+succeeded. Without a sudo password it uses `sudo -n`, which fails at once instead of
+waiting for a password prompt.
+
+On OpenMediaVault (napalm-openmediavault inherits this driver), enabling or disabling a
+unit that OMV manages itself — Samba, NFS, SSH — may be reverted the next time OMV applies
+its configuration.
+
 ## Tested distributions
 
 | Distribution | Version | Package manager | Tested |

napalm_linux/linux.py

@@ -31,7 +31,20 @@ from netmiko.exceptions import (
 )
 from napalm.base.exceptions import ConnectionException, ConnectionClosedException
 from napalm.base.netmiko_helpers import netmiko_args
-from napalm_device_types import FingerprintRule, KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver
+from napalm_device_types import (
+    APT_UPGRADABLE_COMMAND,
+    DNF_SECURITY_COMMAND,
+    FingerprintRule,
+    HostStatusMixin,
+    KernelFactsMixin,
+    ListeningSocketsMixin,
+    OSDriver,
+    SystemdServicesMixin,
+    SystemdUnavailable,
+    parse_apt_upgradable,
+    parse_dnf_security,
+    strip_terminal_codes,
+)
 from napalm_device_types.models import (
     ApplyUpdatesResultDict,
     CronJobDict,
@@ -56,6 +69,70 @@ _PKG_MANAGERS = ["apt", "dnf", "yum", "apk", "pacman"]
 _RC_MARKER = "__NETORK_RC="
 _RC_MARKER_RE = re.compile(rf"^{_RC_MARKER}(\d+)\s*$", re.MULTILINE)
 
+
+#: The end of a command's output when nothing better is known: a line that looks
+#: like a shell prompt.
+_PROMPT_RE = r"[#$\>]\s*$"
+#: A command ending in ``echo __NAME=$?`` reports its exit status on a line of its
+#: own: ``_RC_MARKER`` here, ``__APT_RC=`` and ``__SVC_RC=`` in napalm-device-types.
+_STATUS_ECHO_RE = re.compile(r"echo\s+(__[A-Z_]+=)\$\?")
+
+
+def _expect_for(command: str) -> str:
+    """The pattern that ends *command*'s output.
+
+    netmiko stops reading as soon as the pattern matches what it has read so far.
+    A line the command prints can end in ``#``, ``$`` or ``>`` -- apt's
+    ``<ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>`` after a bad signature -- and was taken for the
+    prompt: half the output came back, and the rest started the next command's
+    (#615). A command that echoes its exit status is read until that marker, with
+    a number, and the prompt line after it. The echoed command line carries a
+    literal ``$?`` and cannot match.
+    """
+    markers = _STATUS_ECHO_RE.findall(command)
+    if not markers:
+        return _PROMPT_RE
+    return re.escape(markers[-1]) + r"\d+\s*\n.*" + _PROMPT_RE
+
+
+def _split_status(raw: str) -> tuple[str, int | None]:
+    """``(output, exit_status)`` of a command followed by ``echo {_RC_MARKER}$?``.
+
+    The status is ``None`` when the marker never arrived (output cut short), so
+    a caller can tell "unknown" from "succeeded".
+    """
+    raw = strip_terminal_codes(raw)
+    matches = list(_RC_MARKER_RE.finditer(raw))
+    if not matches:
+        return raw, None
+    last = matches[-1]
+    return (raw[: last.start()] + raw[last.end():]).strip(), int(last.group(1))
+
+
+#: How each package manager refreshes its index. pacman is left out on purpose:
+#: ``pacman -Sy`` without ``-u`` invites a partial upgrade on the next install.
+_REFRESH = {
+    # No LC_ALL=C here: under sudo it is an environment variable sudoers may refuse
+    # to set. Only the exit status decides, so the language is merely what is shown.
+    "apt": "apt-get update -q 2>&1",
+    "dnf": "dnf makecache -q 2>&1",
+    "yum": "yum makecache -q 2>&1",
+    "apk": "apk update -q 2>&1",
+}
+_YUM_SECURITY_COMMAND = "LC_ALL=C yum updateinfo list security -q 2>/dev/null"
+
+#: Restart the host two seconds later, detached from this session: the launcher's
+#: exit status comes back before the host goes down, and closing the session
+#: cannot take the restart with it.
+_REBOOT_DETACHED = "sh -c '(trap \"\" HUP; sleep 2; /sbin/reboot) </dev/null >/dev/null 2>&1 &'"
+
+#: What to do when sudo wants a password netOrk does not have.
+_SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT = (
+    "sudo requires a password on this device but none is configured in netOrk. "
+    "Please add the sudo password to a Credential Profile assigned to this device, "
+    "or configure passwordless sudo (NOPASSWD) for this user."
+)
+
 # DMI field values that carry no useful information (OEM defaults, blanks)
 _BAD_DMI: frozenset[str] = frozenset({
     "", "none", "n/a", "not specified", "not applicable",
@@ -138,7 +215,9 @@ def _short_image_id(raw: str) -> str:
     return raw.strip().removeprefix("sha256:")[:12]
 
 
-class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
+class LinuxDriver(
+    KernelFactsMixin, ListeningSocketsMixin, SystemdServicesMixin, HostStatusMixin, OSDriver
+):
     """NAPALM driver for generic Linux systems.
 
     Connects via SSH (netmiko ``linux`` device type) and auto-detects the
@@ -260,7 +339,7 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
             command,
             read_timeout=read_timeout,
             cmd_verify=False,
-            expect_string=r'[#$\>]\s*$',
+            expect_string=_expect_for(command),
         ).strip()
 
     def _sudo(self, command: str, read_timeout: float = 100) -> str:
@@ -284,13 +363,58 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
         The status is ``None`` when the marker never arrived (output cut short),
         so a caller can tell "unknown" from "succeeded".
         """
-        raw = self._sudo(f"{command}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", read_timeout=read_timeout)
+        return _split_status(
-        matches = list(_RC_MARKER_RE.finditer(raw))
+            self._sudo(f"{command}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", read_timeout=read_timeout)
-        if not matches:
+        )
-            return raw, None
+
-        last = matches[-1]
+    def _is_root(self) -> bool:
-        output = (raw[: last.start()] + raw[last.end():]).strip()
+        """Whether the SSH user is root, asked once per session.
-        return output, int(last.group(1))
+
+        A root login on a box without sudo (an LXC container, a minimal Debian)
+        must not have its commands prefixed with a sudo that is not there.
+        """
+        if getattr(self, "_root", None) is None:
+            self._root = self._send("id -u") == "0"
+        return bool(self._root)
+
+    def _run_service_command(self, command: str, *, privileged: bool, timeout: int) -> str:
+        """The transport for :class:`SystemdServicesMixin`.
+
+        Without a sudo password, ``sudo -n`` fails at once where a prompt would
+        otherwise hang the session until the read timeout.
+        """
+        if not privileged:
+            return self._send(command, read_timeout=timeout)
+        return self._run_privileged(command, timeout)
+
+    def _run_privileged(self, command: str, timeout: float = 100) -> str:
+        """Run *command* as root: directly for a root login, through ``_sudo``
+        with a sudo password, and through ``sudo -n`` without one -- which fails at
+        once where a password prompt would hang the session until the timeout."""
+        if self._is_root():
+            return self._send(command, read_timeout=timeout)
+        if self._sudo_password:
+            return self._sudo(command, read_timeout=timeout)
+        return self._send(f"sudo -n {command}", read_timeout=timeout)
+
+    def reboot_host(self) -> None:
+        """Restart the host (``HostRebootMixin``); returns once the restart is under way.
+
+        :raises RuntimeError: when the host refuses -- sudo without a password,
+            no ``reboot`` -- or its answer carried no exit status.
+        """
+        output, status = _split_status(
+            self._run_privileged(f"{_REBOOT_DETACHED}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", 30)
+        )
+        if status != 0:
+            reason = output or f"the reboot command exited with status {status}"
+            if "password is required" in output:
+                reason = f"{reason}\n{_SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT}"
+            raise RuntimeError(reason)
+
+    def _run_host_status_command(self, command: str) -> str:
+        """The transport for ``HostStatusMixin.get_host_status``: read-only, no sudo."""
+        return self._send(command, read_timeout=60)
 
     def _detect_pkg_manager(self) -> str | None:
         """Return the first package manager binary found on PATH."""
@@ -848,6 +972,19 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
         """The transport for ``KernelFactsMixin.get_kernel_facts``: read-only, no sudo."""
         return self._send(command, read_timeout=60)
 
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    # ListeningSocketsMixin – the transport for get_listening_sockets
+    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    def _run_listening_sockets_command(self, command: str, *, privileged: bool) -> str:
+        """The transport for ``ListeningSocketsMixin.get_listening_sockets``.
+
+        Read-only either way; root only so that ``ss`` names every process.
+        """
+        if privileged:
+            return self._run_privileged(command, 60)
+        return self._send(command, read_timeout=60)
+
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
     # OSDriver – package management
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -1208,48 +1345,49 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
     def _get_updates_apt(self) -> list[UpdateDict]:
         # apt list --upgradable does not need root; avoid sudo so it works even
         # without a configured sudo password.
-        out = self._send(
+        # Raises ValueError when apt failed or the output was cut short.
-            "LC_ALL=C apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null | grep -v '^Listing'",
+        return parse_apt_upgradable(self._send(APT_UPGRADABLE_COMMAND, read_timeout=60))
-            read_timeout=60,
-        )
-        # Join wrapped lines: netmiko's 80-col pseudo-TTY causes long apt lines to
-        # break; continuation lines start with a space.
-        raw_lines: List[str] = []
-        for line in out.splitlines():
-            if line.startswith(" ") and raw_lines:
-                raw_lines[-1] += line.strip()
-            else:
-                raw_lines.append(line)
-        updates: list[UpdateDict] = []
-        for line in raw_lines:
-            # openssh-server/stable 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u2 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1]
-            m = re.match(
-                r"^(\S+)/\S+\s+(\S+)\s+\S+\s+\[upgradable from:\s+(\S+)\]", line
-            )
-            if m:
-                updates.append({
-                    "name": m.group(1),
-                    "current_version": m.group(3),
-                    "new_version": m.group(2),
-                })
-        return updates
 
     def _get_updates_rpm(self) -> list[UpdateDict]:
+        """dnf/yum check-update: exit 100 means updates, 0 none, anything else failed."""
         cmd = "dnf check-update --quiet 2>/dev/null" if self._pkg_manager == "dnf" else "yum check-update -q 2>/dev/null"
-        out = self._sudo(cmd)
+        output, status = _split_status(self._run_privileged(f"{cmd}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", 120))
+        if status not in (0, 100):
+            raise RuntimeError(f"{self._pkg_manager} check-update failed (exit {status}): {output[-200:]}")
+        security = self._rpm_security_names()
         updates: list[UpdateDict] = []
-        for line in out.splitlines():
+        for line in output.splitlines():
             parts = line.split()
             if len(parts) >= 2 and not line.startswith(" ") and "." in parts[0]:
-                name_arch = parts[0]
+                name = parts[0].rsplit(".", 1)[0]
-                name = name_arch.rsplit(".", 1)[0] if "." in name_arch else name_arch
                 updates.append({
                     "name": name,
                     "current_version": "",
                     "new_version": parts[1],
+                    "origin": parts[2] if len(parts) >= 3 else None,
+                    "security": None if security is None else name in security,
                 })
         return updates
 
+    def _rpm_security_names(self) -> set[str] | None:
+        """Packages a pending security advisory covers; None when dnf/yum cannot say."""
+        cmd = DNF_SECURITY_COMMAND if self._pkg_manager == "dnf" else _YUM_SECURITY_COMMAND
+        output, status = _split_status(self._run_privileged(f"{cmd}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", 120))
+        return parse_dnf_security(output) if status == 0 else None
+
+    def refresh_available_updates(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        """Refresh the package index (apt-get update, dnf makecache, apk update)."""
+        cmd = _REFRESH.get(self._pkg_manager or "")
+        if cmd is None:
+            return {
+                "success": False,
+                "output": f"Refreshing the index is not supported for {self._pkg_manager!r}",
+            }
+        output, status = _split_status(self._run_privileged(f"{cmd}; echo {_RC_MARKER}$?", 180))
+        if status != 0 and "password is required" in output:
+            output = f"{output}\n{_SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT}"
+        return {"success": status == 0, "output": output}
+
     def _get_updates_apk(self) -> list[UpdateDict]:
         out = self._send("apk version -l '<' 2>/dev/null")
         updates: list[UpdateDict] = []
@@ -1379,50 +1517,25 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
             return {"success": False, "output": "", "error": str(exc)}
 
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
-    # OSDriver – services (systemd)
+    # OSDriver – services (systemd, through SystemdServicesMixin)
     # ------------------------------------------------------------------
 
     def get_services(self) -> list[ServiceDict]:
-        """Return systemd service units (falls back to service --status-all on SysV)."""
+        """systemd's services in one round trip; ``service --status-all`` without systemd."""
-        out = self._send(
+        try:
-            "systemctl list-units --type=service --all --no-legend --no-pager "
+            return super().get_services()
-            "--plain 2>/dev/null"
+        except SystemdUnavailable:
-        )
-        if not out:
             return self._get_services_sysv()
 
-        services: list[ServiceDict] = []
+    def manage_service(self, name: str, action: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
-        for line in out.splitlines():
+        """Start, stop, restart, enable or disable a systemd service.
-            # ssh.service loaded active running OpenBSD Secure Shell server
-            parts = line.split(None, 4)
-            if len(parts) < 4:
-                continue
-            unit, load, active, sub = parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], parts[3]
-            name = unit.removesuffix(".service")
-            running = active == "active" and sub == "running"
-            enabled_out = self._send(
-                f"systemctl is-enabled {unit} 2>/dev/null"
-            )
-            enabled = enabled_out.strip() == "enabled"
 
-            # Retrieve main PID for running services
+        :raises ValueError: for an unknown action or an invalid name.
-            pid = 0
+        """
-            if running:
+        result = super().manage_service(name, action)
-                pid_out = self._send(
+        if not result["success"] and "password is required" in result["output"]:
-                    f"systemctl show -p MainPID --value {unit} 2>/dev/null"
+            result["output"] = f"{result['output']}\n{_SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT}"
-                )
+        return result
-                try:
-                    pid = int(pid_out.strip())
-                except ValueError:
-                    pid = 0
-
-            services.append({
-                "name": name,
-                "running": running,
-                "enabled": enabled,
-                "pid": pid,
-            })
-        return services
 
     def _get_services_sysv(self) -> list[ServiceDict]:
         out = self._send("service --status-all 2>/dev/null")
@@ -2110,11 +2223,7 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
             if not self._sudo_password:
                 return {
                     "success": False,
-                    "output": (
+                    "output": _SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT,
-                        "sudo requires a password on this device but none is configured in "
-                        "netOrk. Please add the sudo password to a Credential Profile assigned "
-                        "to this device, or configure passwordless sudo (NOPASSWD) for this user."
-                    ),
                 }
 
         lines: list[str] = []
@@ -2140,11 +2249,7 @@ class LinuxDriver(KernelFactsMixin, OSDriver):
             if not self._sudo_password:
                 return {
                     "success": False,
-                    "output": (
+                    "output": _SUDO_PASSWORD_HINT,
-                        "sudo requires a password on this device but none is configured in netOrk. "
-                        "Please add the sudo password to a Credential Profile assigned to this device, "
-                        "or configure passwordless sudo (NOPASSWD) for this user."
-                    ),
                 }
 
         # 1. Install snmpd if missing

pyproject.toml

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 dependencies = [
     "napalm>=4.0",
-    "napalm-device-types>=2.1.0",
+    "napalm-device-types>=2.4.0",
     "netmiko>=4.0.0",
     "paramiko>=5.0.0",  # CVE-2026-44405
 ]

tests/test_linux.py

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 """Unit tests for LinuxDriver – parsing helpers (no real SSH connection needed)."""
 
+import re
+
 import pytest
 from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
 from napalm_linux.linux import LinuxDriver, _arm_vendor_from_model
@@ -226,6 +228,7 @@ APT_UPGRADABLE = (
     "Listing... Done\n"
     "openssh-server/stable 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u2 amd64 [upgradable from: 1:9.2p1-2+deb12u1]\n"
     "curl/stable 7.88.1-10+deb12u6 amd64 [upgradable from: 7.88.1-10+deb12u5]\n"
+    "__APT_RC=0\n"
 )
 
 
@@ -1049,6 +1052,106 @@ class TestSudoStatus:
         assert "__NETORK_RC=1" not in output
 
 
+class _Channel:
+    """A netmiko connection that hands out its output in chunks and stops where
+    netmiko does: at the first chunk after which ``expect_string`` matches all
+    that was read so far."""
+
+    def __init__(self, chunks):
+        self.chunks = list(chunks)
+        self.patterns: list = []
+
+    def send_command(self, command, *, expect_string, **_kwargs):
+        self.patterns.append(expect_string)
+        output = ""
+        while self.chunks:
+            output += self.chunks.pop(0)
+            if re.search(expect_string, output):
+                return output
+        raise TimeoutError(f"pattern not detected: {expect_string!r}")
+
+
+#: What vault-01 sent on 2026-10-06 while its apt proxy served a corrupted
+#: InRelease: the signature line ends in ">", which looks like a prompt (#615).
+_BADSIG_CHUNKS = [
+    "sudo -n apt-get update -q 2>&1; echo __NETORK_RC=$?\n",
+    "Fehl:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble-updates InRelease\n"
+    "  Die folgenden Signaturen waren ungültig: BADSIG 871920D1991BC93C "
+    "Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2018) <ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>\n",
+    "W: Fehler beim Holen von http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/dists/noble-updates/InRelease\n"
+    "E: Das Depot ist nicht signiert.\n__NETORK_RC=100\n",
+    "chris@vault-01:~$ ",
+]
+
+
+class TestReadToTheEnd:
+    """A line the command prints can end in ``>``, ``#`` or ``$`` -- apt's
+    ``<ftpmaster@ubuntu.com>`` after a bad signature. Taken for the prompt, it
+    ended the read while the command still ran, and the rest arrived as the next
+    command's output (#615). A command that echoes its exit status is read until
+    that marker and the prompt after it."""
+
+    def test_a_signature_line_does_not_end_the_refresh(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device = _Channel(_BADSIG_CHUNKS)
+
+        result = driver.refresh_available_updates()
+
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert "E: Das Depot ist nicht signiert." in result["output"]
+
+    def test_the_session_stays_in_step(self, driver):
+        """Everything up to the prompt is consumed, so the next command reads its own output."""
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device = _Channel(_BADSIG_CHUNKS + ["true\n", "__NETORK_RC=0\nchris@vault-01:~$ "])
+
+        driver.refresh_available_updates()
+        output, status = driver._sudo_status("true")
+
+        assert status == 0
+        assert "BADSIG" not in output
+
+    def test_the_echoed_command_does_not_count_as_the_marker(self, driver):
+        """Its literal ``$?`` is no number."""
+        channel = _Channel(["sudo true; echo __NETORK_RC=$?\n", "__NETORK_RC=0\nchris@vault-01:~$ "])
+        driver._device = channel
+
+        assert driver._sudo_status("true")[1] == 0
+        assert channel.chunks == []
+
+    def test_the_marker_alone_is_not_the_end(self, driver):
+        """The prompt after it has to be read too, or it would start the next output."""
+        channel = _Channel(["out\n__NETORK_RC=0\n", "chris@vault-01:~$ "])
+        driver._device = channel
+
+        driver._sudo_status("true")
+
+        assert channel.chunks == []
+
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "command",
+        [
+            "{ LC_ALL=C apt list --upgradable 2>/dev/null; echo __APT_RC=$?; } | cat",
+            "timeout 45 systemctl restart -- cron.service; echo __SVC_RC=$?",
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_every_status_marker_is_waited_for(self, driver, command):
+        marker = re.search(r"echo (__[A-Z_]+=)", command).group(1)
+        channel = _Channel([f"x <a@b>\n", f"{marker}0\nchris@host:~$ "])
+        driver._device = channel
+
+        output = driver._send(command)
+
+        assert f"{marker}0" in output
+
+    def test_a_command_without_a_marker_still_ends_at_the_prompt(self, driver):
+        channel = _Channel(["6.8.0-142-generic\nchris@host:~$ "])
+        driver._device = channel
+
+        assert driver._send("uname -r").startswith("6.8.0-142-generic")
+        assert channel.patterns == [r"[#$\>]\s*$"]
+
+
 class TestUninstallExitStatus:
     """Whether a removal worked is what the package manager's exit status says.
 
@@ -1180,3 +1283,337 @@ def test_get_kernel_facts_raises_on_output_without_a_report(driver):
     with patch.object(driver, "_send", return_value="sh: base64: not found"):
         with pytest.raises(ValueError):
             driver.get_kernel_facts()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Services: listed in one round trip, controlled through systemctl (#7)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_REPORT = (
+    "SVC_BEGIN\n[files]\ncron.service enabled enabled\n[units]\n"
+    "MainPID=640\nId=cron.service\nNames=cron.service\nLoadState=loaded\n"
+    "ActiveState=active\nSubState=running\nUnitFileState=enabled\n"
+    "[generated]\nSVC_END\n"
+)
+
+
+class TestGetServices:
+    def test_one_command_lists_every_service(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = _REPORT
+
+        services = driver.get_services()
+
+        assert services == [{"name": "cron", "running": True, "enabled": True, "pid": 640}]
+        assert driver._device.send_command.call_count == 1
+        assert "systemctl show" in driver._device.send_command.call_args[0][0]
+
+    def test_a_host_without_systemd_falls_back_to_service(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = [
+            "SVC_BEGIN\n[no-systemd]\n[files]\n[units]\n[generated]\nSVC_END\n",
+            " [ + ]  cron\n [ - ]  rsync\n",
+        ]
+
+        services = driver.get_services()
+
+        assert {s["name"]: s["running"] for s in services} == {"cron": True, "rsync": False}
+        assert "service --status-all" in driver._device.send_command.call_args[0][0]
+
+
+class TestManageService:
+    def _sent(self, driver) -> list[str]:
+        return [c[0][0] for c in driver._device.send_command.call_args_list]
+
+    def test_as_root_the_command_runs_as_it_is(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "__SVC_RC=0"]
+
+        assert driver.manage_service("cron", "restart") == {"success": True, "output": ""}
+        uid, action = self._sent(driver)
+        assert uid == "id -u"
+        assert action.startswith("timeout 45 systemctl --no-ask-password restart -- cron.service")
+
+    def test_with_a_sudo_password_it_goes_through_sudo(self, driver):
+        driver._sudo_password = "pw"  # noqa: S105
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["1000", "__SVC_RC=0"]
+
+        assert driver.manage_service("cron", "stop")["success"] is True
+        action = self._sent(driver)[1]
+        assert action.startswith("echo pw | sudo -S")
+        assert "timeout 45 systemctl --no-ask-password stop -- cron.service" in action
+
+    def test_without_one_sudo_never_waits_for_a_password(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["1000", "__SVC_RC=0"]
+
+        driver.manage_service("cron", "enable")
+
+        assert self._sent(driver)[1].startswith("sudo -n timeout 45 systemctl")
+
+    def test_a_missing_sudo_password_is_explained(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = [
+            "1000",
+            "sudo: a password is required\n__SVC_RC=1",
+        ]
+
+        result = driver.manage_service("cron", "restart")
+
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert "sudo password" in result["output"]
+        assert "NOPASSWD" in result["output"]
+
+    def test_a_failure_keeps_systemctls_message(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = [
+            "0",
+            "Failed to start nope.service: Unit nope.service not found.\n__SVC_RC=5",
+        ]
+
+        result = driver.manage_service("nope", "start")
+
+        assert result == {
+            "success": False,
+            "output": "Failed to start nope.service: Unit nope.service not found.",
+        }
+
+    def test_who_the_user_is_is_asked_once(self, driver):
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "__SVC_RC=0", "__SVC_RC=0"]
+
+        driver.manage_service("cron", "stop")
+        driver.manage_service("cron", "start")
+
+        assert self._sent(driver).count("id -u") == 1
+
+    def test_an_invalid_name_is_refused_before_anything_is_sent(self, driver):
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            driver.manage_service("cron; reboot", "stop")
+
+        assert driver._device.send_command.call_count == 0
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Updates: origin and security, refresh, host status (netOrk MVP 5)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+APT_WITH_SECURITY = (
+    "openssl/noble-updates,noble-security 3.0.13-0ubuntu3.6 amd64 [upgradable from: 3.0.13-0ubuntu3.5]\n"
+    "docker-compose-plugin/noble 5.6.0-1~ubuntu.24.04~noble amd64 [upgradable from: 5.5.1-1~ubuntu.24.04~noble]\n"
+    "__APT_RC=0\n"
+)
+
+
+class TestAvailableUpdates:
+    def test_apt_reports_origin_and_security(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        _mock_send(driver, APT_WITH_SECURITY)
+
+        updates = {u["name"]: u for u in driver.get_available_updates()}
+
+        assert updates["openssl"]["security"] is True
+        assert updates["openssl"]["origin"] == "noble-updates,noble-security"
+        assert updates["docker-compose-plugin"]["security"] is False
+
+    def test_apt_that_could_not_read_raises_instead_of_reporting_nothing(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        _mock_send(driver, "E: Could not open lock file\n__APT_RC=100\n")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            driver.get_available_updates()
+
+    def test_apt_without_an_exit_status_raises(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        _mock_send(driver, "openssl/noble-security 3.0.13-0ubuntu3.6 amd64 [upgradable fro")
+
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
+            driver.get_available_updates()
+
+    def test_dnf_marks_what_a_security_advisory_covers(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "dnf"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = [
+            "0",  # id -u
+            "openssl-libs.x86_64   1:3.1.4-2.fc40   updates\n"
+            "vim-enhanced.x86_64   2:9.1.083-1.fc40 updates\n__NETORK_RC=100",
+            "FEDORA-2024-1a2b3c4d5e Important/Sec. openssl-libs-1:3.1.4-2.fc40.x86_64\n__NETORK_RC=0",
+        ]
+
+        updates = {u["name"]: u for u in driver.get_available_updates()}
+
+        assert updates["openssl-libs"]["security"] is True
+        assert updates["vim-enhanced"]["security"] is False
+
+    def test_dnf_without_advisories_leaves_security_unknown(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "dnf"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = [
+            "0",
+            "vim-enhanced.x86_64   2:9.1.083-1.fc40 updates\n__NETORK_RC=100",
+            "Error: updateinfo metadata missing\n__NETORK_RC=1",
+        ]
+
+        assert driver.get_available_updates()[0]["security"] is None
+
+    def test_dnf_that_failed_raises(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "dnf"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "Error: Failed to download metadata\n__NETORK_RC=1"]
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            driver.get_available_updates()
+
+
+class TestRefreshAvailableUpdates:
+    def _sent(self, driver) -> list:
+        return [c[0][0] for c in driver._device.send_command.call_args_list]
+
+    def test_apt_refreshes_its_index_as_root(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "Hit:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com noble InRelease\n__NETORK_RC=0"]
+
+        result = driver.refresh_available_updates()
+
+        assert result["success"] is True
+        assert "apt-get update" in self._sent(driver)[1]
+
+    def test_without_a_sudo_password_it_never_waits_for_one(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["1000", "sudo: a password is required\n__NETORK_RC=1"]
+
+        result = driver.refresh_available_updates()
+
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        assert self._sent(driver)[1].startswith("sudo -n apt-get update")
+
+    def test_dnf_refreshes_its_metadata(self, driver):
+        driver._pkg_manager = "dnf"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "Metadata cache created.\n__NETORK_RC=0"]
+
+        assert driver.refresh_available_updates()["success"] is True
+        assert "dnf makecache" in self._sent(driver)[1]
+
+    def test_pacman_is_not_refreshed_on_its_own(self, driver):
+        """pacman -Sy without -u invites a partial upgrade on the next install."""
+        driver._pkg_manager = "pacman"
+
+        result = driver.refresh_available_updates()
+
+        assert result["success"] is False
+        driver._device.send_command.assert_not_called()
+
+
+class TestHostStatus:
+    def test_the_driver_carries_the_shared_command(self, driver):
+        from napalm_device_types.host_status import HOST_STATUS_COMMAND
+
+        _mock_send(
+            driver,
+            "HSTAT_BEGIN\n[reboot-required]\n[kernel]\n6.8.0-142-generic\n[modules]\n"
+            "6.8.0-142-generic\n[timers]\napt-daily-upgrade.timer enabled\nHSTAT_END\n",
+        )
+
+        status = driver.get_host_status()
+
+        assert driver._device.send_command.call_args[0][0] == HOST_STATUS_COMMAND
+        assert status["reboot_required"] is True
+
+
+class TestTerminalCodes:
+    def test_a_status_marker_behind_a_terminal_code_is_still_read(self, driver):
+        """apt-get on a pseudo-terminal leaves keypad codes in front of the marker."""
+        driver._pkg_manager = "apt"
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["0", "Hit:1 noble InRelease\n\x1b>__NETORK_RC=0"]
+
+        assert driver.refresh_available_updates()["success"] is True
+
+
+class TestRebootHost:
+    """``reboot_host`` (napalm-device-types' ``HostRebootMixin``) restarts the host.
+
+    Without it netOrk could not restart a Linux host at all: its capability check
+    looks for ``reboot_host`` and found nothing (netOrk #637). The restart is
+    detached and a moment late, so the launcher's exit status comes back before
+    the host goes down, and closing the session cannot take it along.
+    """
+
+    def test_the_driver_can_restart_its_host(self):
+        assert callable(getattr(LinuxDriver, "reboot_host", None))
+
+    def test_the_restart_is_detached_and_privileged(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = "\n__NETORK_RC=0"
+
+        driver.reboot_host()
+
+        sent = driver._device.send_command.call_args[0][0]
+        assert sent.startswith("sudo -n sh -c ")
+        assert "/sbin/reboot" in sent and "trap" in sent and "&" in sent
+        assert sent.endswith("echo __NETORK_RC=$?")
+
+    def test_a_refusal_is_raised_with_what_the_host_said(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = "sudo: a password is required\n__NETORK_RC=1"
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="password is required"):
+            driver.reboot_host()
+
+    def test_no_exit_status_is_no_success(self, driver):
+        driver._root = True
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = "something else"
+
+        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
+            driver.reboot_host()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Listening sockets: ss and the processes' cgroups, as root when it can
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+_SOCKETS = (
+    "SOCK_BEGIN\n[ss]\n"
+    'tcp LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:5432 0.0.0.0:* users:(("postgres",pid=812,fd=6))\n'
+    "__SS_RC=0\n[cgroups]\n"
+    "812 0::/system.slice/system-postgresql.slice/postgresql@16-main.service\n"
+    "SOCK_END\n"
+)
+
+
+class TestGetListeningSockets:
+    def _sent(self, driver) -> list[str]:
+        return [c[0][0] for c in driver._device.send_command.call_args_list]
+
+    def test_it_reads_with_the_shared_command(self, driver):
+        from napalm_device_types import ListeningSocketsMixin
+
+        assert isinstance(driver, ListeningSocketsMixin)
+        driver._root = True
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = _SOCKETS
+
+        reading = driver.get_listening_sockets()
+
+        assert reading["attributed"] is True
+        [socket] = reading["sockets"]
+        assert (socket["port"], socket["unit"]) == (5432, "postgresql@16-main")
+        assert self._sent(driver)[0].startswith("sh -c '")
+
+    def test_without_a_sudo_password_the_whole_script_runs_under_sudo_n(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = _SOCKETS
+
+        driver.get_listening_sockets()
+
+        assert self._sent(driver)[0].startswith("sudo -n sh -c '")
+
+    def test_with_a_sudo_password_it_goes_through_sudo(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._sudo_password = "pw"  # noqa: S105
+        driver._device.send_command.return_value = _SOCKETS
+
+        driver.get_listening_sockets()
+
+        sent = self._sent(driver)[0]
+        assert sent.startswith("echo pw | sudo -S")
+        assert "sh -c '" in sent
+
+    def test_when_sudo_refuses_it_reads_what_the_user_may_see(self, driver):
+        driver._root = False
+        driver._device.send_command.side_effect = ["sudo: a password is required", _SOCKETS]
+
+        reading = driver.get_listening_sockets()
+
+        assert reading["attributed"] is False
+        refused, plain = self._sent(driver)
+        assert refused.startswith("sudo -n sh -c '")
+        assert plain.startswith("sh -c '")